Isabel Cruz, PhD, RN a Full Professor Medical-Surgical Nursing in the Fluminense Federal University, School of Nursing, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Received baccalaureate (1981) in Fluminense Federal University and master’s degrees in nursing from Rio de Janeiro Federal University (1988), Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, and a doctoral degree from the São Paulo University of São Paulo – Brazil. Dr. Isabel Cruz is registered nurse by the California State (inactive status) and is an informatics nurse specialist and in consultant, administrator, educator, and researcher and has directed and participated in a variety of activities related to the international classification of nursing practice. Dr. Isabel Cruz has an ongoing research program on African-Brazilian health conditions.
